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The Art of Command Line

2021-02-22

Kenta Yamamoto (@i05)

Unix Philosophy – “The Art of UNIX Programming” (2003)

Make each program do one thing well. To do a new job, build afresh rather than complicate old programs by adding new features.

$ history | awk '{ print $2 }' | sort | uniq -c | awk '$1>1' | sort -r | head
    791 g
    172 cat
    115 git
     83 echo
     71 brew
     70 yarn
     68 ll
     50 dig
     49 gcloud
     43 jj

For example, you have to sort the output before uniq because they only do one thing:

$ history | awk '{ print $2 }' | sort | uniq -c | awk '$1>1' | sort -r | head

Execute a shell script:

#!/usr/bin/env bash
# command-ranking.sh
set -euo pipefail
history | awk '{ print $2 }' | sort | uniq -c | awk '$1>1' | sort -r

$ chmod u+x ./command-ranking.sh
$ bash ./command-ranking.sh | head

Interface – standard streams:

STDIN
STDOUT
STDERR

$ time curl -IL https://example.com/ 2>&1 > file.txt

$ time curl -IL https://example.com/
...
curl -IL https://example.com/  0.02s user 0.01s system 5% cpu 0.467 total

Parameters – $0, $1, $#, $@

#!/usr/bin/env bash
# sample.sh
cat -
echo "file=$0, 1st-arg=$1, 2nd-arg=$2, arg-num=$# args=$@"

$ echo "Hello" | bash $(pwd)/sample.sh foo bar baz
Hello
file=/Users/kyamamoto/src/bitbucket.org/i05/support/sample.sh, 1st-arg=foo, 2nd-arg=bar, arg-num=3 args=foo bar baz

Sounds of Silence – $?

$ touch ~/tmp/sample.txt
$ echo $?
0

$ mv no-such-file.txt /tmp/
mv: cannot stat 'no-such-file.txt': No such file or directory
$ echo $?
1

Subroutine – $(command)

$ curl "https://jpnic.rdap.apnic.net/ip/$(dig +short myip.opendns.com @resolver1.opendns.com)" \
| jq .

Construct argument list – xargs:

$ find . -type f -name "*" ! -path '*/.svn/*' ! -path '*/.git/*' -print0 \
| xargs -0 grep --ignore-case --line-number 'foo'

Parallel execution – xargs:

$ find . -type f -not -name '*.bz2' -print0 \
| xargs -0 -L 1 -P $(sysctl -n hw.ncpu) bzip2

Multibyte encoding – nkf:

$ find . -type f -name "*.txt" | xargs nkf --guess
$ find . -type f -print0 | xargs -0 nkf --overwrite -w

Multiline:

TEXT_LIST=$(cat << EOF
__HERE_DOCUMENT__
__HERE_DOCUMENT__
EOF
)

Runs everywhere:

case "${OSTYPE}" in
# Mac
darwin*)
    [ -f ~/.zshrc.osx ] && . ~/.zshrc.osx
    ;;
# Linux
linux*)
    [ -f ~/.zshrc.linux ] && . ~/.zshrc.linux
    ;;
esac

Pitfall

Mac – BSD
- or consider installing brew install gnu-sed instead

$ LANG=C find . -type f -name "*" ! -path '*/.svn/*' ! -path '*/.git/*' -print0 \
| xargs -0 sed -i '~' -e 's///gi'

Linux – GNU

$ find . -type f -name "*" ! -path '*/.svn/*' ! -path '*/.git/*' -print0 \
| xargs -0 sed -i -e 's///gi'

Pitfall

Mac – BSD

$ LANG=C git ls-files -z | xargs -0 sed -i '' -e 's///gi'`

Linux – GNU

$ git ls-files -z | xargs -0 sed -i -e 's///gi'

Git subcommands:

$ git grep 'Could not find the specified attachment on the server'

Release your brain resource:

Easily navigate directories – go with fewer cds!
- rupa/z, or
- wting/autojump
Remote repository management – let the tool decide where to locate the cloning repositories
- x-motemen/ghq